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Sussex County is the northernmost county in the State of New Jersey. Its county seat is Newton.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】accessdate=2011-06-07 )〕 It is part of the New York City Metropolitan Area. As of the 2010 United States Census, the county had 149,265 residents, an increase of 5,099 (3.5%) over the 144,166 persons enumerated in the 2000 Census, retaining its position as the 17th-most populous county among the state's 21 counties.〔(NJ Labor Market Views ), New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development, March 15, 2011. Accessed October 1, 2013.〕 Based on 2010 Census data, Vernon Township was the county's largest in both population and area, with a population of 23,943 and covering an area of .〔 The Bureau of Economic Analysis ranked the county as having the 131st-highest per capita income ($49,207) of all 3,113 counties in the United States (and the ninth-highest in New Jersey).〔(250 Highest Per Capita Personal Incomes of the 3113 Counties in the United States, 2010 ), U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. Accessed July 16, 2012.〕 The county was established in 1753 and named for the historic county of Sussex in England.〔Hutchinson, Viola L. (''The Origin of New Jersey Place Names'' ), New Jersey Public Library Commission, May 1945. Accessed October 11, 2015.〕〔Gannett, Henry. (''The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States'' ), p. 294. United States Government Printing Office, 1905. Accessed October 11, 2015.〕 Because of its topography, Sussex County has remained relatively rural and forested area. The county is part of the Skylands Region, a term promoted by the New Jersey Commerce, Economic Growth, & Tourism Commission to encourage tourism. In the western half of the county, several state and federal parks have kept the large tracts of land undeveloped and in their natural state. The eastern half of the county has had more suburban development because of its proximity to more populated areas and commercial development zones. Most of Sussex County's economy had been based on agriculture (chiefly dairy farming) and the mining industry. With the decline of these industries in the 1960s, Sussex County was transformed into a bedroom community that absorbed population shifts from New Jersey's urban areas. Recent studies estimate that 60% of Sussex County residents work outside of the county, many seeking or maintaining employment in New York City or New Jersey's more suburban and urban areas. ==History== The area of Sussex County and its surrounding region was occupied for approximately 8,000-10,000 years by succeeding cultures of indigenous peoples.〔Kraft, Herbert C. ''The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage: 10,000 B.C. to A.D. 2000''. (Stanhope, New Jersey: Lenape Books, 2001).〕 At the time of European encounter, the Munsee Indians inhabited the region. The Munsee were a loosely organized division of the Lenape (or Lenni Lenape), a Native American people also called "Delaware Indians" after their historic territory along the Delaware River. The Lenape inhabited the mid-Atlantic coastal areas and inland along the Hudson and Delaware rivers.〔Goddard, Ives; and Trigger, Bruce G. (1978) “Delaware” in Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15: Northeast. Washington. 213–239〕 The Munsee spoke a very distinct dialect of the Lenape and inhabited a region bounded by the Hudson River, the head waters of the Delaware River and the Susquehanna River, and south to the Lehigh River and Conewago Creek.〔Grumet, Robert Steven. ''The Munsee Indians: A History'' from ''Civilization of the American Indian 262'' (series). (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2009).〕〔Otto, Paul. ''The Dutch-Munsee Encounter in America: The Struggle for Sovereignty in the Hudson Valley''. (New York: Berghahn Books, 2006).〕 As a result of disruption following the French and Indian War (1756–1763) the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) and later Indian removals from the eastern United States, the main Lenape groups now live in Ontario in Canada, and in Wisconsin and Oklahoma in the United States.〔Keenan, Jerry. ''Encyclopedia of American Indian Wars, 1492–1890''. (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1999), 234; Moore, Charles. ''The Northwest Under Three Flags, 1635–1796''. (New York and London: Harper & Brothers, 1900), 151.〕〔Weslager, Clinton A. ''The Delaware Indians: A History''. (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1972).〕 As early as 1690, Dutch and French Huguenot colonists from towns along the Hudson River Valley in New York began permanently settling in the Upper Delaware Valley (known as the "Minisink"). The route these Dutch settlers had taken was the path of an old Indian trail and became the route of the Old Mine Road and stretches of present-date U.S. Route 209.〔Decker, Amelia Stickney. ''That Ancient Trail''. (Trenton, NJ: Privately published, 1942, reprinted Newton, NJ: Sussex County Historical Society, 2003).〕 These Dutch settlers penetrated the Minisink Valley and settled as far south as the Delaware Water Gap, by 1731 this valley had been incorporated as Walpack Precinct. Throughout the 18th century, immigrants from the Rheinland Palatinate in Germany and Switzerland fled religious wars and poverty to arrive in Philadelphia and New York City. Several German families began leaving Philadelphia to settle along river valleys in Northwestern New Jersey and Pennsylvania's Lehigh Valley in the 1720s, spreading north into Sussex County in the 1740s and 1750s as additional German emigrants arrived.〔Chambers, Theodore Frelinghuysen. ''The Early Germans of New Jersey: Their History, Churches, and Genealogies'' (Dover, New Jersey, Dover Printing Company, 1895), passim.〕〔Armstrong, William C. Pioneer Families of Northwestern New Jersey (Lambertville, New Jersey: Hunterdon House, 1979).〕 Also during this time, Scottish settlers from Elizabethtown and Perth Amboy, and English settlers from these cities, Long Island, Connecticut and Massachusetts, came to New Jersey and moved up the tributaries of the Passaic and Raritan rivers, settling in the eastern sections of present-day Sussex and Warren counties.〔 By the 1750s, residents of this area began to petition colonial authorities for a new county to be formed; they complained of the inconvenience of long travel to conduct business with the government and the courts. By this time, four large townships had been created in this sparsely populated Northwestern region: Walpack Township (before 1731), Greenwich Township (before 1738), Hardwick Township (1750) and Newtown Township (1751). On June 8, 1753, Sussex County was created from these four municipalities, which had been part of Morris County when Morris stretched over all of northwestern New Jersey.〔 Sussex County at this time encompassed present-day Sussex and Warren Counties and its boundaries were drawn by the New York-New Jersey border to the north, the Delaware River to the west, and the Musconetcong River to the south and east.〔Paterson, William. ''Laws of the State of New Jersey'' (Newark, NJ: Matthias Day, 1800), 15. Note: the "great pond" referenced in the legal boundaries of the act is an 18th-century reference to Lake Hopatcong.〕 After several decades of debate over where to hold the sessions of the county's courts, the state legislature eventually voted to divide Sussex County in two, using a line drawn from the juncture of the Flat Brook and Delaware River in a southeasterly direction to the Musconetcong River running through the Yellow Frame Presbyterian Church in present-day Fredon Township (then part of Hardwick).〔State of New Jersey. ''Acts of the Legislature of the State of New Jersey'', (1824), 146–147. The landmark used for drawing the boundary through Yellow Frame was the Presbyterian Church edifice torn down in 1898.〕 On November 20, 1824, Warren County was created from the southern territory of the Sussex County.〔 Throughout the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, Sussex County's economy was largely centered around agriculture and the mining of iron and zinc ores. Early settlers established farms whose operations were chiefly focused towards subsistence agriculture. Because of geological constraints, Sussex County's agricultural production was centered around dairy farming. Several farms had orchards—typically apples and peaches—and surplus fruit and grains were often distilled or brewed into alcoholic beverages (hard ciders, applejack and fruit brandies). This was the economic model until the mid-19th century when advances in food preservation and the introduction of railroads (e.g. the Sussex Railroad) into the area allowed Sussex County to transport farm products throughout the region. Railroads also promoted the building of factories as companies relocated to the area at the end of the 19th century—including that of the H.W. Merriam Shoe Company (1873) in Newton.〔Ricord, Frederick W. (editor). ''Biographical Encyclopedia: Successful Men of New Jersey''. (New York: New Jersey Historical Publishing Co., 1896), 1:47.〕 The Highlands Region of Northwestern New Jersey has proven to possess rich deposits of iron ore. In the mid 18th century, several entrepreneurial colonists began mining iron in area around Andover, Hamburg, and Franklin present-day Sussex County and establishing forges and furnaces to create pig iron and bar iron. During the American Revolution, the Quartermaster Department of the Continental Army complained to Congress of difficulties in acquiring iron to support the war effort and the Congress ordered two colonels, Benjamin Flower and Thomas Maybury to take possession of the iron works at Andover in order to equip General Washington's army. According to local tradition, Andover Forge forged the The Great Chain used at West Point to keep British naval vessels from coming up the Hudson River during the Revolution, but other sources say the chains were forged in Orange County, New York. During the middle of the 19th century, under the management of Cooper and Hewitt, the Andover mine produced 50,000 tons of iron ore each year. The firm manufactured railroad rails and the country's first structural steel, which and led to the building of railroads and commercial development in the county. Iron from the Andover mines was fashioned into cable wire for the bridge built at Niagara Falls and for the beams used to rebuild Princeton University's Nassau Hall in Princeton, New Jersey after a fire undermined the structure in 1855. During the American Civil War, Andover iron found its way into rifle barrels and cannonballs just as it had during the Revolution years before. As deposits were depleted, the iron mining industry began to diminish by the mid-19th century. During the late 19th century, prolific American inventor Thomas Edison began to explore the commercial opportunities of processing poor-quality low-grade iron ore to combat the growing scarcity of iron deposits in the United States.〔Woodside, Martin. ''Thomas A. Edison: The Man Who Lit Up the World''. (New York: Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2007), 73–74.〕 He began to purchase mining companies in Sussex County in the 1880s and consolidating their assets.〔(Edison Companies: Mining ) in ''The Thomas Edison Papers''. Rutgers University. Accessed August 3, 2013.〕 He developed a process of crushing and milling iron-bearing minerals and separating iron ore from the material through large electromagnets, and built one of the world's largest ore-crushing mills near Ogdensburg. Completed in 1889, the factory contained three giant electromagnets and was intended to process up to 1200 tons of iron ore every day. However, technical difficulties repeatedly thwarted production.〔Peterson, M. "Thomas Edison, Failure", in ''American Heritage of Invention & Technology'' (Winter 1991), 6(3):8-14.〕〔("Edison and Ore Refining" ). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Global History Network. August 3, 2009. Accessed September 24, 2011.〕 However, in the 1890s, richer soft-grade iron ore deposits located in Minnesota's Iron Range rendered Edison's Ogdensburg operation unprofitable and he closed the works in 1900.〔〔 Edison adapted the process and machinery for the cement industry and invested in producing Portland Cement in other locations.〔("Thomas Alva Edison And The Concrete Piano" ) in ''American Heritage'' (August/September 1980), 31(5). Accessed August 3, 2013.〕〔("Cement" ) in ''The Thomas Edison Papers''. Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. Accessed August 3, 2013.〕 In the early 19th century, Samuel Fowler (1779–1844) settled in Franklin Furnace (now Franklin) to open up a medical practice, but is largely known for his interest in mineralogy which led to his developing commercial uses for zinc and for discovery of several rare minerals (chiefly various ores of zinc).〔United States Congress. (FOWLER, Samuel, (1779–1844) ) in ''Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774–present''. Accessed August 3, 2013.〕〔Dunn, Pete J. ''Mine Hill in Franklin, and Sterling Hill in Ogdensburg, Sussex County, New Jersey: Mining history, 1765-1900: Final Report.'' 4 volumes. (Alexandria, Virginia: Smithsonian Institution, 2002).〕 Many of these zinc minerals are known for fluorescing in vivid colors when exposed to ultraviolet light.〔〔Jones, Robert W., Jr. ''Nature's Hidden Rainbows : The Fluorescent Minerals of Franklin, New Jersey''. (San Gabriel, California: Ultra-Violet Products, Inc., 1964).〕 Because of both the rich deposits and many of these minerals are not found anywhere else on earth, Franklin is known as the "Fluorescent Mineral Capitol of the World."〔〔New Jersey State Legislature. ''Resolution declaring Franklin Borough as "Fluorescent Mineral Capitol of the World."'' (September 13, 1968).〕〔The Fluorescent Mineral Society. ("Fluorescent Minerals" ). Accessed August 3, 2013.〕 Fowler, who later briefly served in elected political office, operated the local iron works and bought several abandoned zinc and iron mines in the area.〔〔 Shortly after his death, two companies were created to exploit the iron and zinc deposits in this region; they acquired the rights to Fowler's holdings in Franklin and nearby Sterling Hill. These companies later merged to form the New Jersey Zinc Corporation (today known as ''Horsehead Industries'').〔 At this time, Russian, Chilean, British, Irish, Hungarian and Polish immigrants came to Franklin to work in the mines, and the population of Franklin swelled from 500 (in 1897) to over 3,000 (in 1913).〔Truran, William R. ''Images of America: Franklin, Hamburg, Ogdensburg, and Hardyston''. (Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2004).〕 Declining deposits in the Franklin area, the expense of pumping groundwater from mine shafts, tax disputes and misdirected investments by the company led to the abandonment of the mines.〔〔Squires, Patricia. ("OGDENSBURG JOURNAL; Old Mine Transformed Into Museum" ) in ''The New York Times'' (9 December 1990). Accessed August 3, 2013.〕 Today, both the Franklin and Sterling Hill mines are operated as museums.〔 Beginning in the 1950s and 1960s, construction or improvements of Interstate 80, Route 181 and Route 23 triggered rapid growth to Sussex County. Since 1950, the population has increased from 34,423 people to 130,943 people in 1990.〔 This has caused Sussex County to begin developing into a light suburban atmosphere, instead of the sparsely populated rural region it once was, especially in the eastern half of the county. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sussex County, New Jersey」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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